* The Peoples Book Shop, run by Peter Symon, head of the Communist Party in South Australia and nationally, in Hindley Street, Adelaide city, was under constant serveillance by ASIO (Australian Security Intelligence Orgnanisation) during the 1950s.

                                  RADICALS (Left and Right)

RADICALISM A THREAD IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA HISTORY from its 19th Century philosophical foundation in Britain

PHILOSOPHICAL RADICALISM was a strong driving force in the founding of the South Australia as a model province in the 1830s to express ideas being formulated from the start of the century, 

The concept of "radical " is used here as meaning ideas that were breaking through norms of their era. In that respsect, three of South Australia's most notable premiers – Charles Cameron Kingston, Thomas Playford and Don Dunstan – from different basic political stances were radicals in their actions.

The Common Cause phenomenon in South Australia was an instance during World War II was another instance of  people from difference difference politcial stances joining in what was, for the time, seen as a radical move.

South Australia also provided a home for radicalism in the extremes of both the left and the right of beliefs.

WITH HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT DURING ECONOMIC DEPRESSION

SOCIALIST UTOPIAN STRAIN THROUGH 1890s SOUTH AUSTRALIA
expressed in practical terms by the village settlements experiments

Single tax advocate Henry George (at left), who visited Adelaide as part of an Australian tour in 1890, had his ideas kept aalian Coolive in South Australia by its branches of the Single Tax league, supplement by local followers of the New Australia Cooperative Association founded by William Lane (centre). J. Medway Day (right) republished articles by George.
Economy >
Henry George, William Lane and J. Medway Day among radical utopian influences on early 1890s South Australia
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Hugh Gilmore, minister at the Primitive Methodist church (at right) in Wellington Square, North Adelaide, attracted large congregations with his sermons on religion as active and beneficent – not respectable, exclusive and institutional. Gilmore, who came to South Australia because of ill health in 1889, died in 1891.
Economy >
Hugh Gilmore, pro-union, anti-capitalist, North Adelaide church's Primitive Methodist minister, 1889-1891
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Birks family members among emigrants for "New Australia" in Paraguay, about to embark on the sailing ship Royal Tar at Port Adelaide in 1894.
International >
Adelaide's prominent Birks family members sail off to Paraguay in 1894 to settle in William Lane's 'New Australia'
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The 12 village settlements started in South Australia during the 1890s were mainly in the Riverland region (see inset map)  but two others were at Mount Remarkable near the Flinders Ranges and on Flueurieu Peninsula, south of Adelaide. The main image is from one of the Riverland settlements later in the 1890s.
Government >
Village settlements set up by South Australia government with 1890s high unemployment and 'New Australia' threat
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Starting what became the Lyrup settlement village beside the River Murray in 1894.
Regions >
Lyrup only survivor of 11 South Australian government-backed 1890s Murray irrigation village settlements
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The 1890s Murtho village irrigation settlement along the River Murray near Renmark in South Australia lasted until 1899. It involved members of Adelaide's prominent Birks family that also had George Napier Birks and his wife Helen (nee Thomas) join William Lane's New Australia religious socialist utopian project in Paraguay. Murtho was set up on similar lines.
Regions >
Birks family also part of 1890s Murtho village in South Australia; shares utopian socialist vision with 'New Australia'
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John Moule (chairman) and Peter Gillen (crown lands commissioner) were among members of the South Australian parliamentary select committee at Lake Bonney during an inquiry  in 1895 into workings of the village settlements scheme along the River Murray. Other committee members are pictured with Kingston villagers.
Government >
Village settlements in 1890s South Australia strongly opposed by conservative MPs and 'Register' newspaper
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A group of River Murray irrigation settlement villagers in the later 1890s. All 13 village settlements, except Murtho and New Residence on the River Murray, set up by the South Australia government during high unemploument from an economic depression, had lost people soon after starting.
Government >
The village settlements experiment, started by government in South Australia's 1890s depression, ends in 1903
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Cooperatives became a strong feature of the fruit and vine industry in South Australia's Riverland. Another Riverland cooperative aspect was the community-owned hotels at Renmark (bottom centre) and Berri (bottom right).
Regions >
Cooperatives a strong feature of Riverland in South Australia as legacy of 1890s villages settlements scheme
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QUAKERS AND COMMON CAUSE AMONG RADICAL ELEMENTS
generated in South Australia around the two world wars

COMMUNIST IDENTITIES, OUTLETS IN 20th CEBTURY ADELAIDE
concentrated around bookshops on the Red Shed in Angas Street

South Australian communists Elizabeth Teesdale Smith married Elliott Johnston in Adelaide in 1942 when he left for World War II service. Both devoted their lives to progressive causes, including through their law firm Johnston and Johnston. Elliott became a supreme court judge and Elizabeth was active in state government roles.
Justice >
Elizabeth Johnston and husband Elliott take communist ideals to South Australia law and state government roles
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Peter Symon (at left) became general secretary of the Socialist Party of Australia (reverting to Communist Party of Australia\ again in 1996) from 1971 to 2008. Federat security serveillance of him and his family included letters (top mddle) intercepted during his World War II service. Top right: Symon and his first wife Phyllis, who married in the early 1950s.
National >
Peter Symon, leader of Communist Party in South Australia and nationally (1971-2008), closely watched by ASIO
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Anne Neill featured in an Adelaide's Sunday Mail newspaper in December 1961, revealing her seven years working for the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation as a spy within the Communist Party. At right: Neill leaving the People's Bookshop, run by the Communist Party, in Hindley Street, Adelaide city, in the early 1950s.
National >
Anne Neill as ASIO spy in Adelaide for seven years in 1950s infiltrates Communist Party as far as Moscow and Petrov
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South Australia's Communist Party headquarters, on the corner of Angas and Cardwell streets, Adelaide city, with its People's Bookshop, became the home for the Red Shed Theatre, called the "Pram Factory of Adelaide" for promoting Australian plays. The building would later become the Bakehouse Theatre.
Theatre >
Red Shed Theatre stages original, challenging quality Aus plays in 1970s/80s Adelaide at Communist Party HQ
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From the cover of Red Silk: The life of Elliott Johnston QC by Penelope Debelle (Wakefield Press).
Justice >
South Australia's Elliott Johnston on supreme court: only judge in Australia to come from communist party ranks
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